Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease which caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body, such as the brain, spine, kidneys, and lymph nodes. TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, and it is considered a global health concern.
Types of Tuberculosis:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis: This is the most common form of TB, which primarily affects the lungs.
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: In this type, TB affects other parts of the body outside the lungs, such as the brain, spine, lymph nodes, abdomen, and kidneys.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of tuberculosis can vary depending on the type of TB and the affected part of the body. Common symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis include:
Persistent cough that lasts for more than three weeks.
Chest pain and discomfort.
Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm) containing blood.
Fatigue and weakness.
Unintentional weight loss.
Loss of appetite.
Fever and night sweats.
Symptoms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis may vary based on the affected organ or area of the body.
Causes:
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It spreads through the air when an infected person with active TB coughs, sneezes, or talks, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria into the air. When a person nearby inhales these droplets, they can become infected with TB.
Factors that increase the risk of contracting tuberculosis include:
Close contact with a person with active TB.
Weakened immune system, such as in people living with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressive medications.
Malnutrition and poor living conditions.
Substance abuse, especially intravenous drug use.
Age (young children and the elderly are more vulnerable).
Healthcare workers and individuals working in environments with a high prevalence of TB.
Side Effects:
If left untreated or inadequately treated, tuberculosis can have severe consequences and complications, including:
Spread of the infection to other organs and tissues in the body.
Formation of cavities in the lungs.
Respiratory failure.
Meningitis is an infection that affects the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Spinal and joint problems (in extrapulmonary tuberculosis).
Kidney and liver damage.
TB can be life-threatening, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems, young children, and the elderly.
